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Imitative Reduplication In imitative reduplication the two parts of the word are not identical, though they are similar. Nouns, adjectives and verbs can all undergo imitative reduplication. The variation between the two parts of the word can involve either consonants or vowels. Imitative reduplication is not productive; new forms can not be created nor can the two parts of the word change places. The reduplication usually indicates variety or emphasizes the meaning of the first component. Imitative reduplication is not greatly different from some types of compounding. The Difference In The First Consonant Meaning sayur vegetable lauk side dish ramah friendly cerai separated kaya rich pecah broken Meaning sayur-mayur vegetables lauk-pauk side dishes ramah-tamah hospitable & friendly cerai-berai scattered, dispersed kaya-raya very wealthy pecah-belah* broken into pieces *)  In this case two consonants are different. The Difference In The Vowels – Sound Change There may be only on...

Imitative Reduplication In imitative reduplication the two parts of the word are not identical, though they are similar. Nouns, adjectives and verbs can all undergo imitative reduplication. The variation between the two parts of the word can involve either consonants or vowels. Imitative reduplication is not productive; new forms can not be created nor can the two parts of the word change places. The reduplication usually indicates variety or emphasizes the meaning of the first component. Imitative reduplication is not greatly different from some types of compounding. The Difference In The First Consonant Meaning sayur vegetable lauk side dish ramah friendly cerai separated kaya rich pecah broken Meaning sayur-mayur vegetables lauk-pauk side dishes ramah-tamah hospitable & friendly cerai-berai scattered, dispersed kaya-raya very wealthy pecah-belah* broken into pieces *)  In this case two consonants are different. The Difference In The Vowel...

Partial Reduplication Partial reduplication occurs only with bases(root words) which begin with a consonant. It involves placing before the base a syllable consisting of the first consonant of the base followed by ‘e’. This type of reduplication is no longer productive in the language; it occurs with a few bases, mainly nouns, and can not be applied to others. The reduplicated word has a meaning which is the same as that of the single form or related to. Sometimes, as in the first example below, the historical relationship is not obvious: Meaning tangga ladder jaka bachelor laki husband luhur noble tamu guest tua old Meaning tetangga neighbor jejaka bachelor lelaki man leluhur ancestor tetamu guests tetua elders Ref:  Indonesian Reference Grammar By  Dr. James N. Sneddon

Partial Reduplication Partial reduplication occurs only with bases(root words) which begin with a consonant. It involves placing before the base a syllable consisting of the first consonant of the base followed by ‘e’. This type of reduplication is no longer productive in the language; it occurs with a few bases, mainly nouns, and can not be applied to others. The reduplicated word has a meaning which is the same as that of the single form or related to. Sometimes, as in the first example below, the historical relationship is not obvious: Meaning tangga ladder jaka bachelor laki husband luhur noble tamu guest tua old Meaning tetangga neighbor jejaka bachelor lelaki man leluhur ancestor tetamu guests tetua elders Ref:  Indonesian Reference Grammar By  Dr. James N. Sneddon

Full Reduplication A word, whether simple or complex, can be fully reduplicated. It involves repeating the entire word where the two parts of the word are separated by a hyphen. What can be fully reduplicated? Free bases(root words): kupu-kupu; tiba-tiba; buku-buku Base + an affix or more: per ubah an-per ubah an(from base  ubah );  tulisan-tulis an(from base  tulis ) Reduplicated base + affixes: ke merah-merah an(from base  merah ); ber k ali-kali (from base kali); me lihat-lihat (from base  lihat ) Reduplication Without Corresponding Single Bases Sometimes reduplicated forms have no unreduplicated counterparts to which they can be related. Such forms are often treated as single bases(root word) in dictionaries, although usually written with a hyphen. Such forms include:  tiba-tiba (suddenly);  sia-sia (futile);  pura-pura (pretend);  megap-megap (pant); masing-masing (each). Reduplication of Noun Some nouns consisting of repeated forms are ...