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ke-..-an

Confix or circumfix ‘ke – an’ forma nouns from adjectives, verbs and other classes. Such noun are generally of an abstract nature. It is used to form a noun that identify a state, character or condition in connection with the root word in a general or vague sense.

Examples

Root WordMeaningke – Root Word – anMeaning
sehathealthykesehatanhealth
laparhungrykelaparanhunger
bersihcleankebersihancleanliness
merdekafree, independentkemerdekaanfreedom, independence
tinggihighketinggianaltitude, elevated place
anggotamemberkeanggotaanmembership
To form an adjective with a sense of excessiveness:

Examples

Root WordMeaningke – Root Word – anSynonymMeaning
dingincoldkedinginanterlalu dingintoo cold
besarbigkebesaranterlalu besartoo big
kecilsmallkekecilanterlalu keciltoo small
merahredkemerahanterlalu merahtoo red
In a few cases this is not so:

Examples

Root WordMeaningke – Root Word – anMeaning
beratheavykeberatanobjection
merahredkemerahanrather red
malushykemaluangenitals
terangclearketeranganexplanation
The negative ‘tidak'(not) can combine with some adjectives to form a compound base for ke-..-announs, i.e. ke – ROOT WORD – an. These correspond to English npuns with prefix dis- or in-

Examples

Root WordMeaningke – Root Word – anMeaning
tidak samaunequalketidak-samaninequality
tidak jujurdishonestketidak-jujurandishonesty
tidak adilunjustketidak-adilaninjustice
Several adjectives derived with prefix se- can form the base of a ke-..-an nouns:

Examples

Root WordMeaningke – Root Word – anMeaning
seimbangblancedkeseimbanganbalance, equilibrium
sesuaiappropriate, suitablekesesuaiansuitability, compatibility
seragamuniformkeseragamanuniformity
The noun can be formed from an intransitive verb:

Examples

Root WordMeaningke – Root Word – anMeaning
datangcomekedatanganarrival
hiduplivekehidupanlife
inginwishkeinginanwish, desire
Reference: Indonesian Reference Grammar (Paperback) by James Neil Sneddon

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